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The dark logic of visual strongman propaganda

Drawing on three pre-registered survey experiments across Venezuela, Türkiye and the United States, we examine how citizens perceive and react to coercive visual government propaganda — and whether it works.

Philipp M. Lutscher, Jonas Bergan Dræge, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Karsten Donnay

Last updated on May 1, 2026 5 min read Blog